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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Data_transformation_(computing)" title="Data transformation (computing)">Data transformation</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">
Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_element" title="Data element">Data element</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Data migration</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_transformation_(computing)" title="Data transformation (computing)">Data transformation</a></li>
<li><a href="Model_transformation" title="Model transformation">Model transformation</a></li>
<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a></li>
<li><a href="Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">Preprocessor</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">
<a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="ATLAS_Transformation_Language" title="ATLAS Transformation Language">ATL</a></li>
<li><a href="AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a></li>
<li><a href="MOFM2T" class="mw-redirect" title="MOFM2T">MOFM2T</a></li>
<li><a href="QVT" title="QVT">QVT</a></li>
<li><a href="XML_transformation_language" title="XML transformation language">XML languages</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">
Techniques and transforms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Identity_transform" title="Identity transform">Identity transform</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_refinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Data refinement">Data refinement</a></li></ul></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E7C6A5; padding:2px">
Applications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Data_conversion" title="Data conversion">Data conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_migration" title="Data migration">Data migration</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">Data integration</a></li>
<li><a href="Extract%2C_transform%2C_load" title="Extract, transform, load">Extract, transform, load</a> (ETL)</li>
<li><a href="Web_template_system" title="Web template system">Web template system</a></li></ul></td>
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Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Data wrangling</a></li>
<li><a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation languages</a></li></ul></td>
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<p>In <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> and <a href="Data_management" title="Data management">data management</a>, <b>data mapping</b> is the process of creating <a href="Data_element" title="Data element">data element</a> <a href="Map_(mathematics)" title="Map (mathematics)">mappings</a> between two distinct <a href="Data_model" title="Data model">data models</a>. Data mapping is used as a first step for a wide variety of <a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">data integration</a> tasks, including:<sup id="cite_ref-ShahbazData15_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShahbazData15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Data transformation</a> or <a href="Data_mediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data mediation">data mediation</a> between a data source and a destination</li>
<li>Identification of data relationships as part of <a href="Data_lineage" title="Data lineage">data lineage</a> analysis</li>
<li>Discovery of hidden sensitive data such as the last four digits of a social security number hidden in another user id as part of a data masking or <a href="De-identification" title="De-identification">de-identification</a> project</li>
<li><a href="Data_consolidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data consolidation">Consolidation</a> of multiple databases into a single database and identifying redundant columns of data for consolidation or elimination</li></ul>
<p>For example, a company that would like to transmit and receive purchases and invoices with other companies might use data mapping to create data maps from a company's data to standardized <a href="ANSI_ASC_X12" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI ASC X12">ANSI ASC X12</a> messages for items such as purchase orders and invoices.
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2></div>
<p>X12 standards are generic <a href="Electronic_Data_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Data Interchange">Electronic Data Interchange</a> (EDI) standards designed to allow a <a href="Company_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (law)">company</a> to exchange <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a> with any other company, regardless of industry. The standards are maintained by the Accredited Standards Committee X12 (ASC X12), with the <a href="American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) accredited to set standards for EDI. The X12 standards are often called <a href="ANSI_ASC_X12" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI ASC X12">ANSI ASC X12</a> standards.
</p><p>The <a href="W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> introduced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/r2rml/">R2RML</a> as a standard for mapping data in a <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a> to data expressed in terms of the <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> (RDF).
</p><p>In the future, tools based on <a href="Semantic_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic web">semantic web</a> languages such as RDF, the <a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a> (OWL) and standardized <a href="Metadata_registry" title="Metadata registry">metadata registry</a> will make data mapping a more automatic process. This process will be accelerated if each application performed <a href="Metadata_publishing" title="Metadata publishing">metadata publishing</a>. Full automated data mapping is a very difficult problem (see <a href="Semantic_translation" title="Semantic translation">semantic translation</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hand-coded,_graphical_manual">Hand-coded, graphical manual</h2></div>
<p>Data mappings can be done in a variety of ways using procedural code, creating <a href="XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> transforms or by using graphical mapping tools that automatically generate executable transformation programs. These are graphical tools that allow a user to "draw" lines from fields in one set of data to fields in another. Some graphical data mapping tools allow users to "auto-connect" a source and a destination. This feature is dependent on the source and destination <a href="Data_element_name" title="Data element name">data element name</a> being the same. Transformation programs are automatically created in SQL, XSLT, <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, or <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>. These kinds of graphical tools are found in most <a href="Extract%2C_transform%2C_load" title="Extract, transform, load">ETL</a> (extract, transform, and load) tools as the primary means of entering data maps to support data movement. Examples include SAP BODS and Informatica PowerCenter.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data-driven_mapping">Data-driven mapping</h2></div>
<p>This is the newest approach in data mapping and involves simultaneously evaluating actual data values in two data sources using heuristics and statistics to automatically discover complex mappings between two data sets. This approach is used to find transformations between two data sets, discovering substrings, concatenations, <a href="Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, case statements as well as other kinds of transformation logic. This approach also discovers data exceptions that do not follow the discovered transformation logic.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantic_mapping">Semantic mapping</h2></div>
<p><a href="Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapping</a> is similar to the auto-connect feature of data mappers with the exception that a <a href="Metadata_registry" title="Metadata registry">metadata registry</a> can be consulted to look up data element synonyms. For example, if the source system lists <i>FirstName</i> but the destination lists <i>PersonGivenName</i>, the mappings will still be made if these data elements are listed as <a href="Synonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonyms">synonyms</a> in the metadata registry. Semantic mapping is only able to discover exact matches between columns of data and will not discover any transformation logic or exceptions between columns.
</p><p>Data lineage is a track of the life cycle of each piece of data as it is ingested, processed, and output by the analytics system. This provides visibility into the analytics pipeline and simplifies tracing errors back to their sources. It also enables replaying specific portions or inputs of the data flow for step-wise debugging or regenerating lost output. In fact, database systems have used such information, called data provenance, to address similar validation and debugging challenges already.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">Data integration</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_wrangling" title="Data wrangling">Data wrangling</a></li>
<li><a href="Identity_transform" title="Identity transform">Identity transform</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">ISO/IEC 11179</a> - The ISO/IEC Metadata registry standard</li>
<li><a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="Metadata_publishing" title="Metadata publishing">Metadata publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="Schema_matching" title="Schema matching">Schema matching</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_heterogeneity" title="Semantic heterogeneity">Semantic heterogeneity</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_translation" title="Semantic translation">Semantic translation</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic web">Semantic web</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> - XML Transformation Language</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-ShahbazData15-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShahbazData15_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFShahbaz,_Q.2015" class="citation book cs1">Shahbaz, Q. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRChCgAAQBAJ"><i>Data Mapping for Data Warehouse Design</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 180. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780128053355</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De, Soumyarupa. (2012). Newt : an architecture for lineage based replay and debugging in DISC systems. UC San Diego: b7355202. Retrieved from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3170p7zn">https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3170p7zn</a></span>
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